how to make a perfect ester?
i don't know why there are no enough information about esters and their relation to perfumes and flavors , but all what I know is that :acid + alcohol -------------> ester + water , e.g : acetic acid + ethanol --------------> ethyl acetate ester + water ... but I need other advanced information:
1- the concentration needed for each.
2- the ratio between their volumes precisely.
3- method used in details.
4- could it be a perfume? and safe on skin?
5- the relation between esters and perfumes.
6- does any ester smell good like a perfume?
that's all , I know that there are lot of questions but any answer will be helpful , thanks in advance.
Comments
There are, you just need to look further. Check Ullmann's encyclopedia of chemical engineer.
1. and 2. You need to make the math. in the example 1 mol acetic acid reacts with 1 mol ethanol giving 1 mol of ethyl acetate and 1 mol of water. Grab a book, or a periodic table and check the atomic masses and calculate how much is 1 mol of each. Then search for their densities and see how much xg of the compost is in milliliters.
74.08g + 46.07g -> 88.10g + 18.02g
Densities:
acetic acid 1.049g/cm3
ethanol 0.789g/cm3
ethyl acetate density 0.897g/cm3
So:
77.7mL + 36.3mL -> 79.02mL + 18.02mL
Considering a 100% yield you will get 79.02mL of ethyl acetate, using 77.7mL of acetic acid and 36.3mL of ethanol. As its a reversible reaction, it can form an equilibrium, esterifications can have a 100% percent yield, but you will need to take the water that is created (see Le Chatelier's principle) using a dean stark.
3. There's plent information in the literature. Check the ester's name on google, or in org books (Vogel's has a few).
4. again, you will need to check the literature. There's no way to tell safely, besides the concentration of it in the formula is also a key point.
5. google
6. it depends. esters usually have smell of flowers, fruits, etc.